Toyota Industries Corporation – Annual report – 31 March 2019
Industry: manufacturing
3. Significant Accounting Policies (extract)
(11) Financial Instruments
A financial instrument is a contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity. The Group recognizes a financial asset or a financial liability when it becomes a party to the contract of a financial instrument. A purchase or sale of financial assets is recognized or derecognized at the trade date.
(i) Non-derivative financial assets
Toyota Industries categorizes non-derivative assets into financial assets measured at amortized cost, financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI) and financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL).
For details of fair value measurement, see “29. Financial Instruments (3) Fair value of financial instruments”.
(Financial assets measured at amortized cost)
Toyota Industries categorizes financial assets as financial assets measured at amortized cost if financial assets are held with the objective of collecting contractual cash flows and their contractual terms provide cash flows on specified dates that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. Financial assets measured at amortized cost are initially measured at fair value.
The carrying amount of financial assets measured at amortized cost is subsequently measured using the effective interest method.
(Financial assets measured at fair value)
Toyota Industries categorizes financial assets other than financial assets measured at amortized cost as financial assets measured at fair value. Financial assets measured at fair value are further divided into the following classifications according to holding purpose.
(Equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI))
Shares and other financial assets held mainly for the purpose of maintaining or enhancing business relationships with investees are designated at initial recognition as financial assets at FVTOCI.
Equity instruments at FVTOCI are measured at fair value at initial recognition and changes in fair value thereafter are recognized in other comprehensive income. However, dividends arising from financial assets at FVTOCI are in principle recognized in profit or loss.
If an equity instrument at FVTOCI is derecognized, the cumulative amount of other comprehensive income recognized in other components of equity on the consolidated statement of financial position is directly transferred to retained earnings.
(Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL))
Financial assets not designated as financial assets at FVTOCI of financial assets measured by Toyota Industries are classified as financial assets at FVTPL.
Financial assets at FVTPL are measured at fair value at initial recognition and changes in fair value thereafter are recognized in profit or loss.
(ii) Non-derivative financial liabilities
Non-derivative financial liabilities are measured at fair value at initial recognition and thereafter at amortization cost using the effective interest method.
A financial liability is derecognized when its contractual obligations are discharged or canceled, or expire.
(iii) Derivatives
Toyota Industries holds derivative financial instruments to hedge foreign currency and interest rate fluctuation risks, including foreign currency forward contracts, currency options, currency swaps, interest rate swaps, interest rate and currency swaps, and interest rate options.
For all of these derivatives, Toyota Industries recognizes financial assets or financial liabilities when it becomes the party to these derivatives contracts.
Some of derivatives Toyota Industries holds for hedging purposes do not meet hedge accounting requirements. Changes in fair value of these derivatives are immediately recognized in profit or loss.
Toyota Industries adopts cash flow hedges and fair value hedges as a hedge accounting method.
(iv) Offsetting financial assets and liabilities
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and reported as net amounts in the consolidated statement of financial position only if Toyota Industries currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and intends to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
(15) Impairment Losses (extract)
(i) Financial assets
Financial assets measured at amortized cost are assessed for impairment losses based on expected credit losses. At the end of the reporting period, if credit risk has not increased significantly after initial recognition, the amount of loss allowance is calculated based on the expected credit losses resulting from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date (12-month expected credit losses). On the other hand, at the end of the reporting period, if credit risk has increased significantly after initial recognition, the amount of loss allowance is calculated based on the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the life of the financial instrument (lifetime expected credit losses).
However, regardless of the above, lifetime expected credit loss measurement always applies to trade receivables and lease investment assets without a significant financing component.
For details, see “29. Financial Instruments (2) Matters concerning risk management”.
6. Trade Receivables and Other Receivables
Trade receivables and other receivables consist of the following.
These receivables are financial assets measured at amortized cost.
Amounts by collection or settlement period consist of the following.
29. Financial Instruments (extract)
i) Credit risk
The main receivables of Toyota Industries such as accounts receivable, lease investment assets and loans receivable related to the sales financing business have credit risk (risk concerning non-performance of an agreement by the counterparty). In accordance with internal rules including the treasury policy, Toyota Industries strives to promptly identify and reduce concerns about collection due to a deterioration in the financial conditions and others of its main counterparties by regularly monitoring their situation based on their financial statements and ratings, and conducting due date management and balance management. Collection risk of lease investment assets is minimal because their ownership is not transferred and due date management and balance management are conducted. Toyota Industries has no significant concentrations of credit risk with any counterparty.
When using derivative transactions, Toyota Industries mainly deals with only financial institutions evaluated as highly creditworthy by rating agencies to mitigate the counterparty risk.
Regarding accounts receivable, lease investment assets and loans receivable related to the sales financing business, if all or part of them cannot be collected or are deemed to be extremely difficult to collect, they are regarded as nonperforming.
The total carrying amount of financial assets represents the maximum exposure to credit risk.
(Measuring expected credit loss for accounts receivable and lease investment assets)
Because there is no financial element in accounts receivable, the loss evaluation allowance is calculated as lifetime expected credit losses until collection of accounts receivable. For lease investment assets, the loss evaluation allowance is calculated as lifetime expected credit losses until collection of lease investment assets. With regard to accounts receivable and lease investment assets of debtors who have no significant problems in their business conditions, the expected credit loss rate is measured collectively, taking into account the past track record of bad debts and other factors.
(Measuring expected credit loss for loans receivable related to the sales financing business)
If credit risk has not increased significantly as of the end of the fiscal year since initial recognition, the loss evaluation allowance for loans receivable related to the sales financing business is calculated by collectively estimating the expected credit loss rate for the following 12 months based on the past track record of bad debts and other factors. If there are significant effects of changes in economic and other conditions, the loan loss provision ratio based on the past track record of bad debts will be adjusted and reflected in the forecast of present and future economic situations. On the other hand, if credit risk has increased significantly as of the end of the fiscal year since the initial recognition, the loss evaluation allowance for financial instruments is calculated by individually estimating the lifetime expected credit losses of collecting financial instruments based on the past track record of bad debts and the collectible amount in the future among other factors. Assets that are regarded as nonperforming are recorded as credit impaired financial assets.
Expected credit loss of trade receivables and other receivables which are past due and for which simplified approaches are applied consist of the following.
FY2018 (As of March 31, 2018)
FY2019 (As of March 31, 2019)
Among financial assets, the general approach is applied mainly to loans receivable related to the sales financing business. The carrying amount of loans receivable related to the sales financing business, categorized by credit risk for its measurement, consists of the following.
Changes in expected credit loss consist of the following.
FY2018 (As of March 31, 2018)
FY2019 (As of March 31, 2019)
Accounts examples 