Japan Tobacco Inc. – Annual report – 31 December 2021
Industry: tobacco
3. Significant Accounting Policies (extract)
(4) Financial Instruments (extract)
A. Financial Assets
(i) Initial Recognition and Measurement
Financial assets are classified into financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss, fair value through other comprehensive income, and amortized cost. The Group determines the classification at initial recognition. Financial assets are classified as financial assets measured at amortized cost if both of the following conditions are met. Otherwise, they are classified as financial assets measured at fair value.
- The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows
- The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding
For financial assets measured at fair value, each equity instrument is designated as measured at fair value through profit or loss or as measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, except for equity instruments held for trading purposes that must be measured at fair value through profit or loss. Such designations are applied consistently.
All financial assets are measured at fair value plus transaction costs that are attributable to the financial assets, except for the case of being classified in the category of financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss.
(ii) Subsequent Measurement
After initial recognition, financial assets are measured based on the following classifications:
(a) Financial Assets Measured at Amortized Cost
Financial assets measured at amortized cost are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.
(b) Other Financial Assets
Financial assets other than those measured at amortized cost are measured at fair value.
Changes in the fair value of financial assets measured at fair value are recognized as profit or loss.
However, changes in the fair value of equity instruments designated as measured at fair value through other comprehensive income are recognized as other comprehensive income and the amount in other comprehensive income is transferred to retained earnings when equity instruments are derecognized or the decline in its fair value compared to its acquisition cost is significant. Dividends on the financial assets are recognized in profit or loss for the year.
(iii) Derecognition
Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive benefits from them expire or are transferred, or when substantially all the risks and rewards of the ownership are transferred.
B. Impairment of Financial Assets
With respect to financial assets measured at amortized cost, the Group recognizes an allowance for doubtful accounts for expected credit losses. The expected credit losses are calculated based on historical loss experience or future recoverable amounts.
An allowance for doubtful accounts for trade receivables is always recognized in an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses. In principle, with respect to financial assets except for trade receivables, an allowance for doubtful accounts is measured at an amount equal to the 12-month expected credit losses. However, the allowance for doubtful accounts is measured at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if a credit risk on the financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition.
The Group assesses whether a credit risk on a financial asset has increased significantly based on a change of the default risk considering past due information, financial difficulties of obligors or downgrades of the internal credit rating.
The Group assesses a whole or part of the financial asset which is deemed extremely difficult to be collected as a default and recognizes it as a credit-impaired financial asset. If the Group reasonably determines that a whole or part of the financial asset is uncollectible, the carrying amounts of financial assets are written-off directly.
The expected credit losses on trade receivables which are not assessed as credit-impaired financial assets are measured collectively by an asset group consisting of a number of homogeneous counterparties.
An allowance for doubtful accounts for financial assets is recognized in profit or loss. If an event which causes a reduction in the allowance for doubtful accounts occurs, a reversal of an allowance for doubtful accounts is recognized in profit or loss.
C. Financial Liabilities
(i) Initial Recognition and Measurement
Financial liabilities are classified into financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss and financial liabilities measured at amortized cost. The Group determines the classification at initial recognition.
All financial liabilities are measured at fair value at initial recognition. However, financial liabilities measured at amortized cost are measured at cost after deducting transaction costs that are directly attributable to the financial liabilities.
(ii) Subsequent Measurement
After initial recognition, financial liabilities are measured based on the following classifications:
(a) Financial Liabilities Measured at Fair Value through Profit or Loss
Financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated as measured at fair value through profit or loss at initial recognition.
(b) Financial Liabilities Measured at Amortized Cost
After initial recognition, financial liabilities measured at amortized cost are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. Amortization under the effective interest method and gains or losses on derecognition are recognized as profit or loss in the consolidated statement of income.
After initial recognition, financial guarantee contracts are measured at the higher of:
- The amount of an allowance for doubtful accounts calculated in accordance with “B Impairment of Financial Assets” above, and
- The amount initially measured less cumulative revenue recognized in accordance with IFRS 15 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.”
(iii) Derecognition
Financial liabilities are derecognized when the obligation is discharged, canceled or expired.
D. Offsetting of Financial Instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and presented as a net amount in the consolidated statement of financial position only when there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and the Group intends either to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
E. Derivatives and Hedge Accounting
The Group utilizes derivatives, including forward foreign exchange contracts and interest rate swap contracts, to hedge foreign exchange and interest rate risks. These derivatives are initially measured at fair value when the contract is entered into, and are subsequently remeasured at fair value. Changes in the fair value of derivatives are recognized as profit or loss in the consolidated statement of income. However, the gains or losses on the hedging instrument relating to the effective portion of cash flow hedges and hedges of net investment in foreign operations are recognized as other comprehensive income in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income.
At the inception of the hedge, the Group formally designates and documents the hedging relationship to which hedge accounting is applied and the objectives and strategies of risk management for undertaking the hedge. The documentation includes identification of the hedging instruments, the hedged items, the nature of the risks being hedged and how the hedging relationship’s effectiveness is assessed. These hedges are assessed on an ongoing basis to determine whether the hedging relationship is effective prospectively, even though it is expected that there is an economic relationship between the hedged item and the hedging instrument, that the effect of credit risk does not dominate the value changes that result from that economic relationship, and that the hedge ratio of the hedging relationship is the same as that resulting from the quantity of the hedged item that the Group actually hedges and the quantity of the hedging instrument that the Group actually uses to hedge that quantity of the hedged item.
If a hedging relationship ceases to meet the hedge effectiveness requirement relating to the hedge ratio due to changes in an economic relationship between the hedged item and the hedging instrument but the risk management objective remains the same, the Group will adjust the hedge ratio so that it meets the qualifying criteria again. The Group discontinues hedge accounting for the portion that does not meet the requirement when the hedging relationship ceases to meet the qualifying criteria even after adjusting the hedge ratio.
Hedges that meet the stringent requirements for hedge accounting are classified in the following categories and accounted for in accordance with IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments.”
(i) Fair Value Hedge
The gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognized as profit or loss in the consolidated statement of income. However, changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument are recognized as other comprehensive income in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income if the hedging instrument hedges an equity instrument designated as at fair value through other comprehensive income. Regarding the hedging gain or loss on the hedged item, the carrying amount of the hedged item is adjusted and the change is recognized as profit or loss in the consolidated statement of income. However, changes in the fair value of an equity instrument which the Group elected to present in other comprehensive income are recognized as other comprehensive income.
(ii) Cash Flow Hedge
The effective portion of gains or losses on hedging instruments is recognized as other comprehensive income in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income, while the ineffective portion is recognized immediately as profit or loss in the consolidated statement of income.
The amounts of hedging instruments recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss when the transactions of the hedged items affect profit or loss. In cases where hedged items result in the recognition of non-financial assets or liabilities, the amounts recognized as other comprehensive income are accounted for as adjustments to the original carrying amount of non-financial assets or liabilities.
If the hedged future cash flows are no longer expected to occur, any related cumulative gain or loss that has been recognized in equity as other comprehensive income is reclassified to profit or loss. If the hedged future cash flows are still expected to occur, amounts that have been recognized in other comprehensive income are continued to be recognized in other comprehensive income until the future cash flows occur.
(iii) Hedge of Net Investment in Foreign Operations
Translation differences resulting from the hedge of net investment in foreign operations are accounted for similarly to a cash flow hedge. The effective portion of gains or losses on hedging instruments is recognized as other comprehensive income in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income, while the ineffective portion is recognized as profit or loss in the consolidated statement of income. At the time of the disposal of the foreign operations, any related cumulative gain or loss that has been recognized in equity as other comprehensive income is reclassified to profit or loss.
F. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value of financial instruments that are traded in active financial markets at year end refers to quoted prices or dealer quotations.
If there is no active market, fair value of financial instruments is determined using appropriate valuation models.
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